Annabel Poe And The Tell Tale Heart - 1598 Words

Poe was born in Boston in the year of 1809. Both of his parents passed away before he turned three years old. He was raised by his foster parents, Frances Keeling Valentine and John Allan (â€Å"Annabel†). Poe’s new life was a bumpy ride, â€Å"Allan never legally adopted Poe, and their relationship became a stormy one as Poe reached his teenage years† (â€Å"Tell-Tale†). Poe had a passion to be a writer but Allan had a different path in mind for him. However, Poe ended up taking his own route, which caused trouble for him throughout his life. He was a poet during pre-civil war America and is known for his dark style of writing (Bolden). Throughout Poe’s life, â€Å"Edgar had experienced tragedy and loss that would forever haunt him, laying the groundwork for†¦show more content†¦Poe experienced many deaths of his loved ones and it is hard for him to grasp the reasoning for this so he gives explanation through his writing, â€Å"Poe loved women who died, often violently, diseased† (Smith). Virginia was thirteen years old when she married Poe and the line , â€Å"She was a child and I was a child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows that Annabel was also a child when the narrator loved her. In the poem, the narrator says that Annabel Lee died because the angels envied their love and so they sent a wind to kill her (Poe, â€Å"Annabel†). Poe used the wind as a symbol for the disease that killed Virginia in real life, â€Å"Readers are not given a physical, medical explanation for her death, other than that a ‘chill’ came down upon her, because in his mind mere physics would be too simple to destroy a grand love like the one he remembers† (â€Å"Annabel†). Poe uses the words, â€Å"...many and many a year ago†, showing that the event took place in the past. Virginia qualifies as a resemblance for Annabel Lee because Virginia died in the year 1847 and the poem was published in 1849. Altho ugh most believe that Annabel Lee resembles Virginia the most, there are others partners of Poe’s that could be his inspiration for the poem, â€Å"Poe’s earliest romance was cut short when the girl’s family refused to let them see eachother† (Peltak 13). In â€Å"Annabel Lee†, the narrator is kept away from his love, â€Å"So that her highborn kinsmen came/ And bore her away from me,/ ToShow MoreRelatedWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Should We Care?: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Few creatures of the night have captured [reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). Poe has fascinated the literary world since he first became known for writing in 1829, when he was just twenty years old (Chronology†). While he is widely known for exploring the macabre, his work is controversial because of its psychologically disturbing nature. Edgar Allan Poe is worth examining as an author because his many contributions to the literaryRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe: Signature of a Genius Essay868 Words   |  4 Pageswrite, we reveal a part of ourselves. We reveal our mind. We reveal our thoughts. If it is possible to exist, then it is possible to write, because writing is thinking, and thoughts are existence. This especially holds true to the mind of Edgar Allan Poe, who through writing time and time again about his love and loss through both poetry and general prose, generates the story of his life. In these pieces, not only does he create original plots, but deep within the fabric of these plots springs a backgroundRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven 1514 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a very well known writer who specifically liked to write poetry and short stories whose genres included mystery and horror. He’s well known for some of his most popular works such as The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart, and Annabel Lee. Edgar Allan Poe has written many different pieces of literary work that make him unique from the rest. His literary works evoke deep thoughts and imagery. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts but mostly lived in Richmond, Virginia. Poe wrote his firstRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe896 Words   |  4 PagesWhat a tragedy and relieve it is that Death can lure and heist away the hearts of our love ones and eradicate the individuals we despise. Differences in love and hate is what separates one’s consuming devotion and/or fueled distaste towards others. Whether we come to love someone or grow to loathe them exceptionally, Death will inevitably seduce them away into the fading night—of that is certain—often leaving individuals mourning or with a sense of release. Life and Death have been in love sinceRead MoreEssay On The Tell Tale Heart815 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity†. A quote from one of Edgar Allan Poe’s more famous stories The Tell Tale Heart. Edgar Allan Poe’s writing is still famous to this day. Not only his writing but his life. He is known for having a difficult life and writing about it in a not so obvious way. Through all his poems and short stories there are little hints everywhere that relate to his life. Depression, insanity and Tuberculosis were all common topics from Poe’s writing that relatedRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s `` The Famous American Poet ``1086 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe, the famous American poet, short-story writer, and critic is best known for his bizarre but transformative horror stories, and for creating genres including detective fiction. The life of Edgar Allan Poe was filled with tragedies and was very depressing; because of this, he was inspired to write such dark stories. He wrote time and time again about his love and his loss. His work collectively illustrates the story of his life. Although he did create original storylines in his workRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : The Father Of Gothic Literature1393 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Edgar Allan Poe Studies say that Edgar Allan Poe was the father of gothic literature. As an American writer and critic, he went through the struggles of living in poverty, having a drinking and gambling problem, and being judge based on his decisions. He was best known as an author of gothic fiction. He had a life of misfortune and indigence. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19,1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to two striving actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe. Some studies sayRead MoreLolita And The Dark Tower1384 Words   |  6 PagesHumbert, in particular, life really does imitate art. Art also imitates life. Nabokov created the character of Humbert in the image of Edgar Allan Poe. Humbert’s life as a character closely resembles Poe’s literary works of art, and Nabokov’s art, the character of Humbert in Lolita, bears an interesting resemblance to Poe’s true life. Edgar Allan Poe married his aunt’s daughter Virginia, who at age thirteen was seven years his junior. Poe’s aunt also happened to be his landlady at the time (Lepore)Read MoreEdgar Allen Poe s Tales Of Terror And The Raven Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe s Tales of Terror and The Raven The film of chosen I decided upon was Edgar Allen Poe s Tales of Terror, and the reading I choose was Edgar Allen Poe s famous The Raven. Both the film and the writing included a common theme of death and tragedy. The film was separated into three different tales, while all three-tales had a very different story line they all included the common theme I stated above. In the film, I also concluded that for each action there was a reaction, meaningRead MoreAnalysis Of Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1266 Words   |  6 Pagesshort stories and poems. E.A. Poe seems to change his mood in his texts, â€Å"Annabel Lee†, â€Å"The Raven†, and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†. There is always a twist towards the end when it comes to Poe’s poems and short stories. These three texts have similar plot twists which their beginnings are lovely and calm while their endings being tortured and dreary. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, it is about a man who is crazy over a perso n with a vulture eye, while in â€Å"The Raven† and in â€Å"Annabel Lee†, a man is crazy over their

Critical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of...

Critical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare Iago’s second soliloquy is very revealing. It shows him shaping a plan out of the confusion of his emotionally charged thoughts. Iago examines his own thoughts, especially his hatred for Othello: â€Å"The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not† He is also suffering from the â€Å"poisonous mineral† of jealousy that still swirls around the rumour that Othello has slept with Emilia. Iago could get his revenge by seducing Desdemona: â€Å"Now I do love her too †¦ But partly led to diet my revenge, for that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, the thought whereof doth like a poisonous mineral gnaw my inwards†.†¦show more content†¦At the same time, his statements about what motivates him are hazy and confusing. Is he motivated by lust for Desdemona, envy of Cassio, or jealousy over his wife’s supposed affair with Othello? He even suggests that Cassio might also have slept with his wife. It is as though Iago mocks the audie nce for attempting to determine his motives; he treats the audience as he does Othello and Roderigo, leading his listeners â€Å"by th’ nose as asses are [led]†. For each of Iago’s actions within the play, he creates a momentary and unimportant justification possibly to please the audience. The fifth (and last) appearance of love in Iagos soliloquy is most surprising. He will report Cassios designs toward Othellos wife to Othello so that the Moor will thank me, love me, and reward me. While some people see in Iagos plan to bring down Othello, his bitterness at Othellos rejecting him not only for a promotion but also sexually, I think that love in a non-sexual sense is even more powerful. The fact is that Iago loved Desdemona, not just out of absolute lust. He probably envisioned some sort of three-way love relationship among Desdemona, Othello and Iago. When he didnt receive the promotion, Iago knew that the love he had envisioned was also impossible to attain. Iagos

Macbeth and Jack Free Essays

Hunger for power in Macbeth and Jack Hunger for power is often the driving force in one’s life. While hunger for power is an indispensible trait for all leaders, it can also remove one’s ability to control emotions, desires, and greed until that person is devoured by it. Jack, from Lord of the Flies and Macbeth, from Macbeth serves as the primary example of this, as they are eventually driven to their own demise by ambition in a negative way, murder, and betrayal of friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and Jack or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, Jack and Macbeth show that hunger for power leads to ones downfall. In both Macbeth and jack, ambition play’s a major role because it is the start or the beginning of their downfall. Ambition has not yet overwhelmed the minds of Macbeth, He is uncanny depiction of a noble general, saving his country form domination and tyranny, but as the character progresses in the plot, the inhabitance is parallel in that he receive prestigious rankings amongst the society and in essence, his lives is ideal. Macbeth receives titles of nobility and influence as Thane of Glamis and is recently appointed Thane of Cawdor. (Shakespeare I. 3. ). With a great quantity of control being eceived, Macbeth devours the power as if it were a precious jewel. But Evil seep’s through him, diminishing the moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goals. Macbeth, seconds after hearing his new appointment states, â€Å" If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature? Present fears are less than horrible imaginings; my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,† (Shakespeare. I. 3. ) Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until his dreams are accomplished. With the seed of power and ambition implemented into his mind, the plant grows out of control until conscience is completely drained out. Similarly, Jack isn’t ambitious in the beginning. He is introduced to the reader in a â€Å"holy† aura with the description of his choir; â€Å"Their bodies, from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross on the left breast† (Golding 21) Conveying religion into Jack’s first emergence shows the likely innocence encompassed in the boy’s life prior to crashing on the island. As the character progresses in the plot, just as Macbeth, Jack also receive prestigious rankings amongst the society or in the island. Jack is appointed Leader of the hunters, the only high rank besides Ralph, who was chosen leader. (Golding 24-25). This gives Jack important stature as he controls a certain portion of the boys inhibited in the island. As he holds substantial power over some aspect of civilization. Evil also seep’s through his mind, which therefore diminishes his moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goal. But Jack states his feelings in different ways. Jack although less apparent, also show his attentions to overtake all leadership. His constant disagreement with Ralph exhibits no respect and shows his aspirations of taking total command. Instead of looking over the fire, Jack deliberately disobeys the order made by Ralph and goes out hunting instead. (Golding 77). This shows how Jack’s ambitiousness is trying to make a dispute with Ralph so that he can prove Ralph as a not good leader and then became the next leader. Therefore this also shows how Macbeths and jacks ambition can disrupt a peaceful society. Betrayal of friends plays an important part in both Macbeth and Jack because that’s when he change of power occurs of them leading in to their downfall. In Macbeth the earliest example of betrayal serving as a impetus in power change is when Macbeth is rewarded for his loyalty to the king while the Thane of Cawdor is stripped of his title because of his betrayal. Both Banquo and Macbeth are slightly disturbed by the witches prediction because they are afraid that it will trick them into betraying the king. But because Macbeth was very ambitious and couldn’t control himself. Macbeth begins to plan his treachery against Duncan as soon as he sees that Malcolm stands in the way of Macbeth gaining the throne. I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise† (Shakespeare II, 2, 56). The betrayal against Duncan is complete when Macbeth murders him. Now Macbeth must frame the guards and try to cover up his crime, which can only lead to more murder. Banquo is a general in the King’s army (same as Macbeth) and is often seen in contrast to Macbeth. Banquo is the only one with Macbeth when he hears the first prophecy of the weird sisters; during the same prophecy, Banquo is told that his children will be kings, though he will not be. Banquo knows of Macbeth and his quest for power. He is the one that tells Macbeth that the instruments of darkness only cause harm and betrayal. Macbeth makes this statement true by betraying Banquo whom he once trusted. â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t†(Shakespeare III. 1. 76). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. Macbeth is guilty of betrayal, but he doesn’t commit the act himself which shows how weak he really is. Macbeth is numb from all the events, which are causing his downfall. Just like how Macbeth betrayed his friends, Jack also betrays his friends in a different manner. The strong-willed, egomaniacal Jack is the novel’s primary representative of the instinct of savagery, violence, and the desire for power. He is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief â€Å"simple arrogance†, â€Å"I ought to be chief†(Golding 29) Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. But unfortunately Jack lost the vote to be chief and that’s when jack begins to betray his friends. He changes his image from a choirboy to a furtive hunter. Jack couldn’t follow Ralph’s(the chief) rulers so Jack calls for am assembly and insults Ralph by saying â€Å"He isn’t perfect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. †(Golding 126). Jack betrays his chief Ralph and makes a new group. After Jack formed a new group he mostly influenced them in being a hunter and to always kill things and because of that Jack betrays Simon, who’s another friend of his. During Jacks party Simon went to examine the beast at the mountain. When Simon found out there wasn’t a beast and only a dead man in there, he came running towards Jack party to tell them. But Jack and his group thought it was the beast that was coming towards them so they killed it. â€Å"Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). Therefore this portrays that hunger for power can lead one to betrayal of friends. In the world today people have certain goals that they set for themselves to achieve in their lifetime. Most people try to obtain these goals by hard work and to just keep on trying until they finally get what they want. In the case of Macbeth and Jack however they try to obtain their goals through violence and murder. At first Macbeth is a loyal and brave soldier and serves his king Duncan. Because of Macbeth’s loyalty to Duncan he is named the Thane of Cawdor. After Macbeth hears the prophecies about himself and becoming king, which he has always wanted, the thought of murder starts coming into his mind. Instead of just staying a loyal and brave soldier and waiting to see if he will be named king, Macbeth tries to obtain his goal in a different way. The thoughts of murder tarts getting greater and Macbeth questions whether or not he should but Lady Macbeth tries to talk Macbeth into killing Duncan so that they can both get what they want. So now instead of obtaining his goal of becoming king by just waiting he gets it by murdering Duncan. â€Å"I have done the deed†(Shakespeare. II. 2. 56). The initial thought of murder starts when Macbeth receives the three prophecies from the witches about him becoming king. Macbeth has some of the same thoughts of the murder as Lady Macbeth does, but he also has some different opinions. Macbeth obviously wants to kill Duncan ecause he is the one who first came up with the plan of the murder, but Macbeth also doesn’t want to commit the murder because Duncan is humble and Macbeth is a loyal kinsman. Macbeth kills the king to secure the kingship, but immediately it becomes clear that the only way to hide the murder is to keep murdering. Macbeth hasn’t even settled in the new palace before Macbeth has already found two murders to murder Banquo and his son. Because after Macbeth becomes king Banqou says â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t† (Shakespeare III. 1. 6). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. And so therefore hunger for power lead Macbeth in murdering both his king and friend. Similarly, Jack was a choir leader and wasn’t a violent person in the beginning. Jack as already mentioned is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jack believes that no one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. One of the first murders that took place in the island was the murder of Simon. It was a dark scary night. Nothing could be clearly seen. Loud thunder roared as thick drops of rain fell on the ground. Nothing could be heard but the sound of thunder. Jacks group of agitated and aggressive boys danced with fear and excitement. Since Jack has become so obsessed with hunting, all he could think about mostly was killing. Because while dancing he repeatedly kept saying â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! † (Golding 152). And because he build up that mood of violence in himself and his group, when they saw something crawling out of the forest, and was coming towards them, they all thought it was the beast and killed it without even making sure. Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). It is was Simon that they killed not the beast. Jack is responsible for Simon murder because he misleaded the his group in thinking it was the beast. Jack is also responsible for the murder of Piggy, an overweight asthmatic boy about 8 years in age, who cannot see without his glasses represents physical weakness and mental strength. His glasses, however, help illustrate his intellectual strength, his ability to think situations over logically and use reason, rather than emotions to decide upon important dilemmas. Because piggy was always in Ralph’s side, Jack didn’t treat piggy well he was always made fun of. Jack knew piggy had vision problem and that he couldn’t see without glasses. But Jack still stole the glasses of piggy’s face, for him to build fire. Because of Jack influence in the group most of them want to be like him so when Piggy and Ralph comes to ask for piggy’s glasses back, Ralph and Jack fight for a second time. Piggy cries out shrilly, struggling to make himself heard over the brawl. As Piggy tries to speak, hoping to remind the group of the importance of rules and rescue, â€Å" high over-head, oger, with a sense of delirious abandonment leaned all his weight on the lever† (Golding 180). Roger shoves a massive rock down the mountainside. Ralph, who hears the rock falling, dives and dodges it. But the boulder strikes Piggy, shatters the conch shell he is holding, and knocks him off the mountainside to his death on the rocks below. Jack throws his spear at Ralph, and the other boys quickly join in. Just like Macbeth even Jack is fully covered with evil he wanted to also kill Ralph at the end but he couldn’t. Jack estroyed the island by burning it, hunger for power lead him into a total failure. He couldn’t lead the group in a peaceful manner. As seen in Macbeth and Jack hunger for power is the driving force in one’s life. They couldn’t control emotions, desires, and greed until they were devoured by it. An important lesson that can be learned from Macbeth and Jack is that Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until ones dreams are accomplished. And to get through that dream it will lead one into betraying their friends, and murdering. Therefore hunger for power leads to ones downfall. How to cite Macbeth and Jack, Essay examples

Exploratory Analysis Based Global Reporting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Exploratory Analysis Based Global Reporting? Answer: Introduction The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate various aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In Kingfisher Airlines. In todays business world, business organizations all over the world use to provide great regards on different aspects of CSR activities. CSR refers to the form of the integration of corporate self-governance into the business model (Tai and Chuang 2014). In the current business situation, the success of the business organizations largely depends on the undertaken CSR activities of the business organizations. Thus, it has become the responsibility of the business organizations to provide the details about their different CSR activities (Suliman, Al-Khatib and Thomas 2016). The same aspect is also applicable for the business operations of Kingfisher Airlines, as the company has also taken many initiatives as a part of their CSR activities. The first part of the report shows the definition of CSR. After that, this report shades light on the CSR related issues and initiatives of Kingfisher Airlines along with the financial position of the company at that time. The next part of this report provides a suggestions to Kingfisher Airlines about the implantation of one of the CSR reporting framework. The next part of the report establishes a connection between one of major stakeholders related theories with the selected article on Kingfisher Airlines. The next part focuses on the analysis of the selected theory. Lastly, conclusion and recommendations are provided based on the whole discussion of CSR reporting of Kingfisher Airlines. Definition of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to a particular business approach that hugely contributes towards the sustainable development of the business organizations by delivering their stakeholders with various economic, social and environmental benefits (Carroll 2015). With the help of CSR reporting, business organizations gain more awareness about the impact of their business operations on the society, environment and their stakeholders. CSR is considered as a broad concept that deals with various aspects like human right, corporate governance, health and safety of the employees, contamination of environment, working condition within the organizations, contribution towards the economic development of the countries and many others (Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014). Article Analysis It needs to be mentioned that Kingfisher Airlines is well-known for the undertaking of various CSR activities for the welfare of their stakeholders, community and environment. At the same time, it needs to be mentioned that the company has to face major issues related with the violation of the code of conducts of activities (Crane, Matten and Spence 2013). From different sources, it can be seen that the company has undertaken some of the major initiatives as a part of their CSR activities. First, the company has taken various activities for the welfare of the people of the local community. Second, the company has established various healthcare units in all over the country for taking care of the health of the people of community. Third, Kingfisher Airlines founded Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation that has been completely involved in the mission called Science for Humanity. Apart from this, Kingfisher Airlines has introduced numerous other initiatives as a part of their CS R activities. However, the article named United Spirits Limited a Case of Corporate Governance Failure? by India CSR Network indicates towards the violation of the major principle of CSR by Kingfisher Airlines and their parent company United Spirit Limited (USL) (indiacsr.in 2018). As per the selected article, it can be observed that in spite of the weak financial position of Kingfisher Airlines, USL provided the company with a huge amount of loan. There is nothing unusual as the parent companies have the right to provide financial support to their group companies (indiacsr.in 2018). However, the main CSR related issue in this case is that both Kingfisher Airlines and USL have carried on this transaction in an illicit manner in order to camouflage the financial position both the companies. Under the principles of CSR, this action has violated the CSR principle, as it is an indication of bad governance. For this reason, this particular aspect has violated the principles of transpare ncy and integrity. Most importantly, it needs to be mentioned that this action of Kingfisher Airlines affected the financial position of the company in a bad manner as the financial position of the company deteriorated. Decrease in gross margin can be seen at that that as the gross margin became -121.8% from 21.1%. Massive fall can be seen in the net margin that is the net margin became -859.9% from -63.8% (indiacsr.in 2018). Thus, it can be observed that violation of CSR principle had a fatal effect on the financial position of Kingfisher Airlines. Reporting Framework From the above discussion, it can be observed that Kingfisher Airlines has been facing major issues related with their CSR activities and reporting. For this reason, it is required for the company to carry on their CSR activities in an appropriate way and it is the responsibility of the company to report their various CSR activities in an effective manner (Fernandez-Feijoo, Romero and Ruiz 2014). It can be seen that there are many frameworks available for the effective reporting of CSR activities of the companies. Based on the problems faced by Kingfisher Airlines, it can be suggested that the company need to adopt the strategy of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Framework as GRI Framework is an effective tool for the business organization for the understanding and communication of several CSR related issues like climate change, corporate governance, human rights, corruption and many others (globalreporting.org 2018). The main intention of GRI is to service as a form of generally accepted principles for the reporting of various aspects like social, environmental and economic performance of the companies; and organizations of different size, sector or location can use it (Toppin et al. 2012). Thus, there will not be any problem for Kingfisher Airlines in using it. One of the major components of GRI is the Sustainability Reporting Guideline that includes the principles for the definition of the content of the report so that the quality of the report can be ensured. This aspect includes the disclosure of standards for the performance indicators and other items for disclosure. It also provides in the reporting of certain technical items like the concept of fair value measurement of the assets of the company and others. The next major item in GRI is the Indicator Protocols. The existence of indicator protocols can be seen for measuring the performance of each performance indicators (Fonseca, McAllister and Fitzpatrick 2014). All these protocols have major importance providing definition, guidance for compilation and other important information for ensuring the consistency of performance indicators interpretation. The next major component of GRI is the Sector Supplements. This particular aspect provides guidelines for the implementation of the principle of GRI in the CSR reports. In this aspect, it is required for Kingfisher Airlines to use applicable sector supplements for the interpretation of various aspects of CSR report (Arena and Azzone 2012). The last component of GRI is Technical Protocols that provide guidance for the issue of CSR reports and to sets the boundary of the report. Most importantly, it needs to be mentioned that these protocols play an integral part in solving the issues related to CSR reporting in the companies. Thus, the above discussion shows that the adoption of GRI will provide great help to the CSR reporting of Kingfisher Airlines. Stakeholder Theory In the recent business environment, business organizations use to provide the stakeholders with huge importance as the success of the business organizations largely depends on the relation of the companies with their stakeholders. There is not any exception of this fact in case of Kingfisher Airlines. Many authors provide various theories for the stakeholders of the companies. One of such important theories is the Stakeholder Theory as large adoption of this theory can be seen among the companies (Mainardes, Raposo and Alves 2012). According to the stakeholders theory, the main purpose of the business organizations is to create value for their stakeholders as much as possible. In addition, according to this theory, in order to be successful and sustainable for a long time, it is required for the company executives to consider and keep the interest of their customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and others (Gibson 2012). The developer of this theory, R. Edward Free man has provided the argument that it is not the responsibility of the organizational managers to consider answer to the shareholders. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the shareholders and the stakeholders to take into consideration any group or individual that can affect their interests in the organization or their interests can be affected by the achievement of the goals and objectives of the firm. Thus, it can be observed that stakeholder theory is an important part for the stakeholders of the companies. Many authors all over the world have provided many positive arguments in favor of the stakeholder theory. One of the major functions of stakeholder theory is the identification of proper objectives for the business operations. At the same time, the stakeholder theory take into consideration the major ethical as well as economic issues related with the CSR of the companies and to present them in the most effective manner (Marshall and Ramsay 2012). All these aspects make the executives in operating the business organization in such a manner so that they can be beneficial for the stakeholders of the companies. In this aspect, it needs to be mentioned that the business organizations cannot ensure their survival by only from the contribution of the shareholders as they need equal contribution from other stakeholders like customers, employees, suppliers and others (Anikina and Chekalkina 2014). For this reason, it is required for the company executives to provide importance in the interes t of their other stakeholders as major investment as this particular aspect has major impact on the financial and sustainable performance of the business organizations. For this reason, providing importance and keeping the interest of the stakeholders is an important aspect in increasing the overall wealth of the organizations. Hence, it is required for all the business organizations to take into consideration the interest of their stakeholders. Analysis based on Stakeholders Theory It can be seen that the stakeholders theory is concerned with the financial well beings of the stakeholders in the companies. From the selected article on the CSR practice of Kingfisher Airlines, it can be seen that the company has taken loan from USL and both of them have done this transaction in an illicit manner for manipulating the financial position of the companies (indiacsr.in 2018). Thus, by applying the stakeholder theory in this situation, it can be observed that the management of Kingfisher Airlines has deprived their stakeholders from knowing the actual financial position of the company. According to the stakeholder theory, it is the right of the stakeholders to know about the actual financial position of the company as the investors use to make the investment decisions based on the financial position of the company (Fassin 2012). Thus, it is required for Kingfisher Airlines to show all the necessary transactions in their financial statements in order to make their stakeh olders aware about the situation. The above discussion about stakeholder theory states that the executives of the companies are required to keep the interest of the company shareholders as well as the other stakeholders like suppliers, customers, employees and others. The selected article about Kingfisher Airlines states that the company has violated the transparency and integrity principles of CSR reporting with their specific action. The concept of stakeholder theory states that it is the ethical responsibility of the companies to keep the interest of their shareholders (Miles 2012). By this aspect, it can also be stated that the specific action of Kingfisher Airlines has violated the ethical principles of CSR. Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be said that the CSR related issues of Kingfisher Airlines could well be defined with the assistance of stakeholder theory. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above discussion, it can be observed that CSR has become an integral part of the business operations of the companies that is a major determinant of the financial performance of the companies. After that, the content of the selected article indicates towards the violation of transparency and integrity principles of CSR. In addition, it can also be seen that the violation in CSR principles has affected the financial position of the company. According to the above discussion, the GRI for CSR reporting has been suggested to Kingfisher Airlines for their CSR practices as the main components of GRI helps in the effective completion and reporting of various CSR initiatives. As per the above discussion, the major layers of GRI are sustainability reporting guidelines, indicator protocols, sector supplements and technical protocols. The above discussion also states that the current CSR related problem of Kingfisher Airlines could be analysed and evaluated with the help of Stakeholder s theory. According to this theory, it is required for the company executives to keep the interests of the stakeholders of their business. However, the analysis of the selected article states that Kingfisher Airlines has failed to keep the interest of their stakeholders by manipulating some major financial transactions. Some recommendations are provided based on the above discussion: It is recommended to the executives of Kingfisher Airlines that they need to adopt the principles and standards of GRI as a part of their CSR reporting initiatives as GRI will make them in reporting their CSR initiatives in more effective manner. It is recommended to the management of Kingfisher Airlines to follow the components of Stakeholders Theory, as this will make them effectively keep the interest of their business stakeholders. References Anikina, I.D. and Chekalkina, A.A., 2014. Using the stakeholders theory in the development of regional financial innovation strategy: harmonization or conflict of interests?. InThe first international conference on economics sciences(pp. 176-180). Arena, M. and Azzone, G., 2012. A process-based operational framework for sustainability reporting in SMEs.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,19(4), pp.669-686. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational dynamics,44(2), pp.87-96. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Fassin, Y., 2012. Stakeholder management, reciprocity and stakeholder responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), pp.83-96. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S. and Ruiz, S., 2014. Effect of stakeholders pressure on transparency of sustainability reports within the GRI framework.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.53-63. Fonseca, A., McAllister, M.L. and Fitzpatrick, P., 2014. Sustainability reporting among mining corporations: a constructive critique of the GRI approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.70-83. Gibson, K., 2012. Stakeholders and sustainability: An evolving theory.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), pp.15-25. Globalreporting.org. (2018).Orientation to the GRI Reporting Framework. [online] Available at: https://www.globalreporting.org/information/g4/G3andG3-1/guidelines-online/G3Online/Pages/OrientationToTheGRIReportingFramework.aspx [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Globalreporting.org. (2018).Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. [online] Available at: https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G3.1-Guidelines-Incl-Technical-Protocol.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. India's Largest CSR Network. (2018).United Spirits Limited - a Case of Corporate Governance Failure? - India's Largest CSR Network. [online] Available at: https://indiacsr.in/united-spirits-limited-a-case-of-corporate-governance-failure/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. (This is the main article) Mainardes, E.W., Raposo, M. and Alves, H., 2012. Public university students' expectations: An empirical study based on the stakeholders theory.Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences,8(35), pp.173-196. Marshall, S.D. and Ramsay, I., 2012. Stakeholders and directors' duties: Law, theory and evidence. Miles, S., 2012. Stakeholder: Essentially contested or just confused?.Journal of Business Ethics,108(3), pp.285-298. Suliman, A.M., Al-Khatib, H.T. and Thomas, S.E., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, p.15. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117. Toppinen, A., Li, N., Tuppura, A. and Xiong, Y., 2012. Corporate Responsibility and Strategic Groups in the Forest?based Industry: Exploratory Analysis based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Framework.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(4), pp.191-205

A Time in History1 essays

A Time in History1 essays Ive been asked before: What time period in history would you most like to visit and experience the most? And I would have to stop and wonder where exactly I would want to go. I use to have much trouble in answering this question. There are countless events and points of time in history that I would absolutely love to get to see with my own eyes and experience with my own body and mind. However, I now find it rather easier to respond without having to stop and think for so long. Somewhere along thereabouts of the 13th century would definitely be one of my choices now. There are many things I would like to see for myself. For one, the works of art produced during that time period would be first on my to-do list. Second, would be to witness the eminency of the architectural wonders built during that age. Last, but not the very least, I would have liked to experience and read, first-hand, the literary works of such authors as Dante, Christine de Pisan, and Boccaccio. Starting in the 13th century, art was beginning to accelerate to a much higher level of in terms of quality and craft. Artists during medieval times were not so much interested in the human body. They tended not to worry on being naturalistic. Their work depended simply on quality. When the Renaissance came about, artists now became more characteristically inclined with realism. Before the Renaissance, style had aimed for a rich, glowing surface, with elaborate linear designs. Soon after, figures were then being portrayed and painted with a sense of depth, their volume represented by a careful use of light and dark, so that they took on the same strength and presence as works of sculpture (Cunningham 242). Instead of just being confronted with an image, spectators saw the living and breathing figures before them. One artist who took charge in this was Renaissance painter Giotto. His works range from his realistic ...

What Is the National Letter of Intent for NCAA

What Is the National Letter of Intent for NCAA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re a big fan of college sports, you may have seen a news conference on ESPN where a highly recruited high school athlete announces what college he is going to attend (usually in a dramatic way), and then he signs a piece of paper. That piece of paper is his National Letter of Intent; he is now legally bound to attend that college and the recruiting process is officially over. I remember the day I signed my National Letter of Intent to attend Stanford. I don’t think my mom has ever been as proud, and it’s very likely I won’t ever make her that proud again. Receiving and signing a National Letter of Intent is your reward for years of hard work and signifies the culmination of your college search. In this article, I will explain what the National Letter of Intent is, why it exists, and its terms. What Is the National Letter of Intent? The NLI is a binding agreement between a prospective student-athlete and an NLI member institution to enroll at a school in exchange for athletic aid. There are 650 NCAA Division I and II colleges that participate in the NLI program. Terms of the Agreement By signing the NLI, a prospective student-athlete agrees to attend the institution full-time for one academic year (two semesters or three quarters). The institution agrees to provide athletic aid for one full academic year. Athletic scholarships can be renewed every year, but you only have to sign the NLI once. The coach will tell you how much aid you’re being offered before you receive the NLI. The NLI will be accompanied by an athletic aid award letter that tells you the amount of aid you’re receiving. Award letters are the responsibility of the specific institution. Since 2012, schools have been able to provide multi-year scholarships (for 2, 3, or 4 years). However, most schools provide scholarships that are renewable annually. Generally, as long as you’re participating and stay in good academic standing, your scholarship will be renewed. Sometimes, if there’s additional athletic aid available, your scholarship will be increased. Penalty for Not Fulfilling the Agreement If you don't enroll in the school, you can't compete for one academic year at the next NLI institution you attend, and you lose a year of eligibility. Purpose of the NLI The purpose of the NLI is to have a written agreement that you will receive athletics aid in exchange for enrollment, provided you are admitted to the school and eligible to compete. Also, signing a National Letter of Intent signifies the end of the recruiting process. Once you sign the NLI, you can’t be recruited by other schools. If another school tries to recruit you, you have to notify them that you’ve signed your NLI. These Princeton athletes didn't have to sign an NLI Example of a National Letter of Intent It wasn't easy, but I did some digging on the internet, and I found an actual National Letter of Intent for you to check out. This NLI was from a few years ago and some of the signing deadlines have changed since then. Now, you must sign your NLI within 7 days of it being issued to you, and the NLI must be filed by the conference within 14 days. How Does a College Process the National Letter of Intent? First, the college issues an NLI and an offer of athletics aid to the prospective student-athlete. The student-athlete signs two copies. Also, a guardian must sign the NLI if the student-athlete is less than 21 years of age. Then, the student-athlete will return one copy and keep one for her records. The NLI must be signed within 7 days of the date it was issued, but the 7 day deadline will be less if there are fewer than 7 days left in the signing period. Or, the NLI must be signed by 7 days after the initial signing date if it's issued before the initial signing date. The college then verifies the required information and sends it to its conference office to be validated. The NLI must be filed by the conference within 14 days of the final signature. The NLI process is completely independent of the college admissions process. Typically, a school won't issue an NLI and offer of athletics aid until after a student-athlete has been admitted to the institution. There are some exceptions and cases where a school has to rescind an acceptance after an NLI has been signed due to a failing grade or disciplinary issue, but most often signing the NLI is the last step in a student-athlete's college selection process. NLI Signing Dates Here are the NLI signing dates for the upcoming year. Generally, these dates stay roughly the same from year to year. NLI Signing Dates for Prospective Student-Athletes Signing 2015-2016 and Enrolling 2016-2017 Sport(s) Initial Signing Date Final Signing Date Basketball (Early Period) November 11, 2015 November 18, 2015 Basketball (Regular Period) April 13, 2016 Division I: May 18, 2016 Division II: August 1, 2016 Football (Midyear JC Transfer) December 16, 2015 January 15, 2016 Football (Regular Period) February 3, 2016 April 1, 2016 Soccer and Men's Water Polo February 3, 2016 August 1, 2016 All Other Sports (Early Period November 11, 2015 November 18, 2015 All Other Sports (Regular Period) April 13, 2016 August 1, 2016 The initial signing dates are the first dates you're able to sign an NLI in a signing period and the final dates are the deadlines by when you must sign the NLI in that period. If you don't sign early, you can always sign in the regular period. Most coaches try to sign their top recruits in the early period because they don't want to lose them to other schools. In the regular period, they'll try to fill the rest of their recruiting classes with late finds, student-athletes they were previously unsure about, or top recruits who didn't want to commit in the early signing period. Football, soocer, and men's water polo don't have early signing periods because they're fall sports, and coaches are busy with their competitive seasons when the other sports have their early signing periods. Schools will often make admissions decisions sooner for athletic recruits so they can sign in the early period (or in the beginning of the regular period), but sometimes an athlete will have to apply to a college "early decision" or "early action" if he wants to sign early. Notable NLI Rules If you are under 21, a parent or guardian must sign the NLI. Athletic aid award letters have their own rules and the institution determines if you need a guardian signature. The NLI must be accompanied by an athletics aid award letter. If you are not receiving an athletics scholarship, you can't sign an NLI. The coach can't be off-campus to give you your NLI or be there when you sign. You are still bound to enroll in a school if there is a coaching change. Typical Reasons You'll Be Released From Your NLI While the NLI is legally-binding, there are situations in which you'll be granted a release from your NLI. Here are the most common situations in which you'll be released from your NLI and free to enroll in a different school. 1. You are not admitted into the university- If you don't get accepted by the university, you won't be receiving your scholarship. However, typically, the NLI will only be issued by the school after you gain admission. 2. You are determined to be ineligible by the NCAA Eligibility Center- All NCAA athletes must be certified by the eligibility center to participate in NCAA sports. A student-athlete can be deemed ineligible if he doesn't meet minimum GPA or SAT/ACT requirements. Or, he can be deemed ineligible if he has violated amateurism rules. 3. One-year absence- If you sign an NLI and do not attend any school for one year, you would then be allowed to attend another university if you file for a release with that school’s conference office. Your athletic department at the school you will be attending can help you with that process. 4. Joining the military or doing a church mission- If you join the military or go on a church mission for 12 months or more after signing an NLI, you'll be allowed to sign with another school without penalty. 5. Discontinued sport- If the school cuts the program for the sport you signed for after you have signed, you'll be allowed to sign with another school without penalty. 6. Recruiting rules violations- If it is determined there were recruiting rules violations after you have signed an NLI, you will have the choice to continue with your NLI or get a release once you have been reinstated. This process will be handled by the athletic department of your university. Finally, if there's an extenuating circumstance or compelling reason why you want a release from your NLI, you can fill out an NLI release request form on www.national-letter.org . If you join the military, you can be released from your NLI. Final Advice Don't procrastinate in signing your NLI. Generally, you'll only have 7 days from the date it's issued. All you have to do is sign it, get a guardian to sign it, and return it. However, don't stress the NLI. If you receive an NLI, you've done the hard part. You've been offered an athletics scholarship. The college will walk you through the process, if necessary. The school wants you. That's why you were offered a scholarship. Make sure you're registered with the NCAA Eligibility Center. Not only do you need to be certified as eligible before you can participate in NCAA sports, but also you need to register before you can take official campus visits during your recruiting process. Most importantly, focus on your academics. Regardless of how gifted you are athletically, you need to be admitted to college academically. Even after you sign your NLI and you've been accepted by the college, you want to make sure that you finish your senior year strong to ensure you'll be eligible to compete and so that there's no chance you'll have your acceptance rescinded. What's Next? Make sure you know the SAT and ACT scores you need to compete in NCAA sports. Also, learn what you have to do to build the most versatile college application. Finally, review this article on the college athletic recruiting process. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How Madison Proposes to Solve the Problem of Factions Essay

How Madison Proposes to Solve the Problem of Factions - Essay Example In response to these challenges Madison proposed a number of solutions. This essay considers Madison’s proposed solutions to the problem of factions, and considers how the contemporary legislative branch of government comports to these Madison’s insights. How Madison Proposes to Solve the Problem of Factions There are a number of means by which James Madison proposes to solve the problem of factions. He begins this discussion by first indicating that are two major ways that the causes of factions can be removed; in these regards, he states, â€Å"the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests† (Madison). He continues his discussion indicating that in removing the first faction would be a sincere travesty, as liberty is as important as air. In regards to the second method of eliminating faction, he indicates that while this might be the prefe rred approach, it is entirely impracticable. In these regards, Madison’s main contention is that the essence of factions are so deep-rooted into the souls of humanity and the fabric of the nation that removing them is warranted next to impossible. While Madison indicates that removing the causes of factions is impossible, he argues that in dealing with factions they must be managed and controlled with knowledge of the general human motivation that underlies their existence. For Madison, the problem then becomes structuring this managing of governing body in a way that preserves the rights of individuals that may not currently be in majority power. While it is easy to consider the nature of a pure democracy in these regards, it’s clear that Madison is indicating such a governing structure based on majority vote would ultimately result in factions and subsequent violence. Madison also indicates that it is impossible to simply rely on an enlightened leader to manage this form of factional structure, as it will result in them ultimately capitulating to majority concerns. Through acknowledging the impossibility of a pure democracy, Madison goes on to consider the aspects of the democractic structure that fail to address factionalism and the means by which these problems can be amended. In these regards, Madison proposes a Republic. Within the Republic structure, Madison indicates that an appropriate number of representatives will be appointed to guard against factional interests of the majority. As a wide-variety of citizens will be voting on the potential representatives, Madison argues that it will be much more difficult for these representatives to resort to treachery that oftentimes becomes individuals of power. In these regards, Madison gives great consideration to the proportion of representatives to the number of electors, as, â€Å"enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their l ocal circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects† (Madison). He argues that the proposed Constitution presents a powerful articulation of this

Report on Google and Yahoo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Google and Yahoo - Assignment Example It was the world’s greatest search elements because by the year 2001, it did an amazing thing that eluded a lot of dot.com business start ups of the moment in time and became profitable (DuVander, 2010). Its profits come from internet advertising revenue and also sell a number of subscription services that are; Google Earth Plus and Pro. The biggest and the most popular service is the web search which is mostly known for giving out related search consequences with a clear interface. So highly developed searching, Google prolonged past simply verdict websites based on the keywords. As the few prospering dot.com startups, it still retains many perks including free launch and laundry for the employees and games. Google has worked with several organizations, in order to improve production and services Yahoo is an internet entrance that integrates search engine and a directory known as WWW (World Wide Web) that are organized in a hierarchy manner of which is broadly known for its w eb entrance, search elements, Yahoo search and associated services which as well as Yahoo Directory (DuVander, 2010). Yahoo Mail, are concerned, plotting video, sports and social media website. It’s headquartered in Sunnyvale California is the most common sites in United States where roughly 700 million people use Yahoo website each and every month. Yahoo was first founded by two men known as Jerry Yang as well as David Filo in the year 1994 January and was amalgamated on 1st March, 1995. The previous Google administrative Marissa Mayer was named as the Yahoo Chief Executive and at the same time became the president on 16th July 2012. This utterance known as "yahoo" is an ellipsis for â€Å"Nevertheless alternative Hierarchical Intrusive Oracle† therefore the term "hierarchical" can be described as how the its database was well set in layers of subdivisions (DuVander, 2010). Yahoo is a technology company that delivers search, gratified, and email tools proceeding the W eb and on portable devices all over. The corporation’s Yahoo.com also gives out Yahoo! Finance which offers a set of monetary data, information as well as items for users to build financial decisions; Yahoo! amusement and Lifestyles; this is a collection of things focused on trends as well as information in civilization, women’s issues, and social media. It also gives out infrastructure tools that include Yahoo packages that provide users with and mobile phone text messages, and combined associates and datebook functionality. Therefore, the company provides mobile phones and upcoming products that are Into Now as for Yahoo, watching television, is a software platform that gives interactive television and provides a user with generated satisfied items. This site is available in more than twenty different languages in the world. 2. Structure and design These proprieties offer a simple directory structure and design which the user circumnavigates and chooses files to down load. Organization design is a method of arranging an organization's makeup within their own operation that is looking at the intricate relationship between assignments, workflow, responsibility or even authority and making sure that all these support the main aim of the business. Many efficiency and performance

Write an essay on globalisation of trade related to economic

Write an on globalisation of trade related to economic globalisation - Essay Example Among the many movements, globalisation had and is also having a major impact on the people worldwide. Globalisation literally means the transformation of local phenomena into a global one. Globalisation is a practice of interacting and mixing or assimilation among people, companies and governments of different countries whose significant feature is international industrial and financial business structure. Globalisation may be thought of as the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritually. More formally, globalisation can be categorized as a process that embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions (Wiley, Nandi & Shahidullah 1998, p. 21). Hyperglobalism conceive globalisation as a new age of economic integration that is characterized by open trade, global financial flows as well as multinational corporations. Hyperglobalism is driven by capitalism, communications and transportation technology, integration into one world market and it is increasingly eroding state power and legitimacy. Howe ver another perspective is, in the past few years, more and more people have been complaining that the new liberty in the form of globalisation have gone too far, giving rise to a hypercapitalism (Roberts and Hite 2007, p.263). Probably the largest body of opinion - and one that spans the entire politico-ideological spectrum - consists of what might be called the hyper-globalists, who argue that we live in a borderless world in which the national is no longer relevant (Dickens 2008, p. 6). The so said social relations and transactions are assessed in terms of their extensitivity, intensitivity, velocity and impact and the rate at which they generate transcontinental or interregional flow and networks of activity, interaction and exercise of power. The purpose of this study is

Methodologies For Ecommerce And Web Systems Information Technology Essay

Methodologies For Ecommerce And Web Systems Information Technology Essay This paper introduces software development methodologies (SDM) and compares three approaches that are suitable for an e-commerce system. The three approaches of SDM selected in this paper were based on the proliferation of web based information system or e-commerce. Since the popularity and commercialisation of the Internet in the 1990s, software development has been evolving and brought new ways of doing and building software using the web technology environment and tools available. Software development methodology was popularised by the software development life cycle (SDLC) for building information systems in the late 60s. Currently, modern and advanced software tools are being used to exploit the rich resources of the Internet in building systems. The web now offers more complex, distributed, concurrent and connected applications (Surcel, 2009). Web information systems exploit web applications and other non-web components to deliver information and services to other systems and users via the Internet. Traditional SDLC methodologies can still be used in building e-commerce and web applications for the Internet. However, the traditional SDLC approach may not work for different object oriented design methodology for the web,like web site design methododlogy (WSDM), relatioshipship navigational analysis, MacWeb approach, hypermedia flexible modelling, and other object oriented and software engineering pattern approach (Masrek,et.al, 2008). As the web intially sta rted from static pages and eventually to a more dynamic and complex rich information and transaction based application, the software development processes and methodolgies present greater challenges and opportunities to software developers. 2. Software Development Methodologies There have been a lot of software development methodologies investigated by researchers of software systems in the past four decades. Elliott (2004) considered the SDLC as the oldest formalised model for building information systems. According to Silberberg (2006) these prescriptive process models bring useful structure to software development work and provide a roadmap for software teams. The prescriptive models include the waterfall model, incremental process models, rapid application design (RAD), spiral model, and concurrent development models. Agile processes for software development are focused more on the early delivery of software and customer satisfaction. Most of the web-based applications like e-commerce have characteristics that are network intensive, and have a high level of concurrency that is right for agile process models. Agile process models inlcude extreme programming, adaptive software development (ASD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), scrum, crystal, a nd agile modelling (Silberberg, 2006). 2.1 The Software Development Methodologies in E-commerce Surcel (2009) suggests that IT professionals, web designers, IT managers and executives and all involved in the e-commerce software development must understand how to apply software engineering concepts for e-commerce systems, for better integrate their software with the needs of their business. IT professionals need to establish a methodology that resolves all the problems of e-business applications. Software developers, who understand the concepts of analysis, architecture and design, will have the success in developing the e-commerce systems. The traditional SDLC is not enough to get the job done in e-commerce systems. Building information system is far more different with e-commerce systems because there are distinctive characteristic of the web application like creative design, advertising, marketing concepts and software engineering (Surcel, 2009). According to Coda et.al (1998) The web infrastructure is going beyond the mere distribution of information and services towards the development of platform for generic distributed applications in the world-wide setting. This promising scenario is endangered by the weakness of the current methodologies that support the development of web-based applications. In terms of user participation towards the development of e-commerce applications Fraternali (1999) suggested that applications for the Internet is such domains as e-commerce ..[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦].. are characterized by an unprecedented mix of features that makes them radically different from previous applications. Terry and Standing (2004) added to this challenge that e-commerce development faces the same demands and risks as any other application development projects. However, the intimate connection of users, customers, vendors and suppliers in the development process makes it more difficult and distinguishing the identity of the users who will the system is larger in scale since it considers the world at large. With the advent of Web 2.0, social networking and media, innovative approach of doing software development methodologies are needed in order to sustain the needs of the growing interests of users on the Internet that is not just doing online transactions but consuming most of the applications and services beyond what is being offered by e-commerce. 2.2 Agile Methodologies Agile methodologies are the best candidates for e-commerce systems that incorporate the innovative and dynamic nature of the web. Agile web development is a development model for web applications that follow the same concept as the agile methodologies. This approach is more efficient and powerful to ensure every piece of functionality is delivered early in the development stage and improves throughout the life of the web application. Agile web development has the following characteristics according to Clark (2008): Iterative and incremental development methods that is aimed to deliver the application at shorter period of time; The production progress is measured based on the complete and tested features during the schedule release of the application; Tasks are broken down into smaller increments that make it more adaptable to some changes; A working application is the principal measure of the development progress. This methodology follows planning, requirements analysis, designing, coding, testing and documentation in parallel during the stage of production process. Customer involvement during the development process by getting their feedback improves the confidence of making changes, error free, and customer-oriented approach. Agile web methodologies also cover the following approaches that are presented in this paper: feature driven development (FDD), adaptive software development (ASD), and dynamic systems development method (DSDM). 2.3 Feature Driven Development (FDD) FDD is a model-driven short-iteration process that consists of five activities was described by Luca (no date) as patterns of play that brings success. The five basic activities of FDD are: Develop an overall model described as the high-level walkthrough of the scope of the system. These are composed of meta-models that are pieces of the model in the domain and combined to form an overall model based on the consensus of the peer review and discussion of the development team. Build a feature list are the ideas generated from the overall model and decomposing the domain into subject areas. Plan by feature is using the list from the second activity to produce the development plan. Design by feature is a design package made from the third activity. Build by feature is the task that generated the completed client-valued function state. According to (Martin, 2003), FDD can be used in web development. However, web development covers a lot of project types and it is dependent to the nature of the project where FDD can be applied. The effective way to get the development process done right is to start it with the FDD approach. FDD understands, embraces, and accepts software construction as a human activity. Process is needed, as is technology, but it is knowing of where to specify what should be done and where what to do. That is the essense of a well-bounded process in recognition of people and thier role in software construction projects, and knowing what needs to be written down (as a process) versus what ius simply delegated to the right role. The patterns of play that brings success (Luca, no date). Almost all projects can use FDD regardless of the size and technology. Defining and mapping the features in a web development project can be described into requirements and specifications. The requirement should establ ish the concise project objective that put everything in place. Then document the specifications that defines the project itslef like, interaction design (frontend and backend), page flow and logic, page wireframes, database schema, class diagrams, and feature list. Features can be described as the the view/add/edit/delete functionality relevant to the users/customer needs. The features are mapped according to the interactions of the screen design. Technical implementation where a specific technology is used to describe business logic of model-view-controller (MVC) to separate data and layers of the interface (Martin, 2003). 2.4 Adaptive Software Development (ASD) ASD software development approach use the continuous adaptation and learning that described the dynamic speculate-collaborate-learn life cycle (Highsmith, 2000a). ASD approach is dedicated to constant change, re-evaluation, and collaboration among all members of the development team and clients. The conceptual notion of ASD was based of complex adaptive systems (CAS) that is designed for complex, high-speed, high-change, and uncertain projects. The change-oriented life cycle has a direct relation to speculate-collaborate-learn concept. Speculate is to have a clear realization of understanding the plan. Speculation is recognizing the uncertainty of the problem that needs to be explored. Collaboration is the giving importance to teamwork that encompasses the development team, customers, suppliers, vendors, and others that is directly and indirectly involved in the process. Learning is the product of acknowledging the course and the result of the development process. The learning proces s is test of knowledge and can be derived from the organizational practices, being committed and adaptive to retrospective and focus group discussions. According to (Arthur, 1996) ASD addresses the economy of increasing returns. The Internet and the dot com markets are characterized by the high-speed, high-change economy(Arthur, 1996). This approach makes the market unpredictable and unplanned developmental process in the normal or traditional way of controlling the project (Riehle, 2001). CAS model as described by (Highsmith,2000a) in software development that explain the world of agents, environment, and emergence is translated to the development organization as the environment; members as agents; and the product as the emergent result of competition and cooperation within the uncertain and unpredictable world of software development (Riehle, 2001). ASD lifecycle has six characteristics: mission focused, component based, iterative, timeboxed, risk driven, and change tolerant (Highsmith, 2000b). In e-commerce projects mission focused projects are guided by the boundaries of the mission statements. Application components are the result that defines the group features. During the iteration cycle the components are developed and the documentation are deliverables which are secondary to the software feature that is needed by the client. Timeboxing are deadlines or fixed delivery times for the iterative processes and project itself. Then this is analysed according to the risks associate during the adaptive cycles. Change tolerance is the ability to view and incorporate change in the process that take advantage of the make it more error-free and compliant with the set requirements (Highsmith, 2000b). 2.5 Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) DSDM is a model that has the resemblance of project management. This model is the convergence of software development and process engineering that makes DSDM a good tool for complex problem solving (Voigt, 2004). DSDM is the best approach for projects that are charcterised by tight schedules and budgets. It is composed of three phases: pre-project, project life-cycle, and post-project phase. The project life cycle has five stages that includes: feasiblity study, business study, functional model iteration,design and build iteration, and implementation. Other software methodologies can be used and allowed to mix with the DSDM practices. The DSDM nine principles are essential in any type of software project and departure from any of the nine principles will have a significant risk of failure. The nine principles are: [1] active user involvement is imperative; [2] teams must be empowered to make decisions; [3] focus on frequent delivery; [4] fitness for business is criterion for accepted deliverables; [5] iterative an dincremnetal development is mandatory; [6] all changes during the development must be reversible; [7] requirements are baselined at higher-level; [8] testing is integrated throughout the lifecycle; [9] collaborative and co-operative approach (Voigt, 2004). To make DSDM successful the nine principles should be followed and the interactivity with the project team, end user as well as the higher management should be realised. Finally, DSDM projects should be decomposed into smaller parts to use iterative approach. Recommended core techniques for DSDM are timeboxing, MoSCoW (Must have, Should have, Could hav e, Want to have), prototyping, workshop, modelling, and configuration management (Voigt, 2004). Key success factors based on the DSDM experinces of its members from the DSDM consortium are compiled and was published. Most of the key success factors are pointing to leadership and executive responsibilities, that reflects the advance corporate culture that should be practiced. More importantly, acceptance of the DSDM nine principles, commitment of senior management, incremental delivery, esy access by developers and end-users,stability of the team,size and development team skills, development of technology, and lastly supportive commercial relationship (DSDM consortium, 2010). 3. Methodology This study adopted an exploratory approach and search of available published articles and journals on the Internet on the theme of agile software methodologies in e-commerce and web systems. Literature review, survey methods and case studies were selected from the pool of articles and journals. An exemplar of the agile software methodology and its application to e-commerce and web systems was also presented to define the advantages and disadvantages of the selected methodology. 3.1 Literature Review Agile software development returned 1.8 million searched items in Google and 57,200 in Google scholar. The rich resources of agile methodology have been exploited in the 90s and until the present saturation of Internet, e-commerce and web systems. According to Meso and Jain (2006) agile software development methodologies allow organisations to rapidly evolve systems, primarily the Internet and web software development. ASD must be considered in heavy weight methodologies rather than integrating and hacking approaches. Successful web development methodologies (Bauer 2005) are going agile and are best suited to FDD. Bauer was able to get FDD working in his several web development projects and refine the process to come up with successful approach that worked effectively from his experience. His high-level overview of FDD was described in his article that successfully launched completed web projects ranging in size from 2 weeks to 6 months (Bauer 2005). For DSDM (Voigt, 2004) concluded that the model is straight forward based on the best practices, strength in simplicity, extendibility, and has proven successful work in the past and albeit not a solution for all projects. The disadvantages, like other structured methodology has a high barrier to entry, significant cultural paradigm shift is not as fast and cheap. 3.2 Surveys The investigation survey that was conducted by Silberberg (2006) suggests that some applications of agile methodologies were used as a tool to speed up the development process that was being developed under prescriptive approach for organisations that developed their own software. The organisation groups surveyed was in financial services, mining, healthcare, communications, transport and construction that have heavy weight use of software development and the build versus buy approach. DSDM was identified in use in the construction sector, where cost effective and rapid relevant results were needed by most of its users. Another survey made by Lim and Venable (2001) is the web information system survey usage by the Australian Web Site consultants reported that low methodology usage when it comes to applying any web information system methodology. This survey failed to present the value of formal development methodologies. Information systems development in Australia as reported in a survey (Dawson and Gibson, 2007) concluded that there is an increasing research activity and the growing interest in the area of software development methodologies primarily in web-based development, including portal and intranet development. Shine Technologies (2003) conducted an online global survey about agile methodologies to measure the interest of several organisations using the said approach. The survey consisted of 10 questions using closed-ended questions. The survey was available from the Shine Technologies website from November 2002 to January 2003. The survey results highlighted the following: lower costs; better productivity; better quality; and better business satisfaction. Most of the respondents, 95% of them are in favour of the agile methodologies. The most used agile methodologies are the Extreme Programming (XP) with 59%, followed by FDD, scrum and others. 3.3 Case Study DSDM Case study (DSDM consortium, 2010) presents several case studies that were used by organisations dealing with software development activities. A sample case from the DSDM case study The National Packaging Waste Database (NPWD) is an online system that tracks how much packaging has been put into the UK market and much packaging waste has been recovered and recycled (DSDM consortium, 2010). This project was able to utilise DSDM and implemented the electronic evidence of reprocessing and doing away with the paper-based process bringing online or web-based approach. The DSDM consortium (2010) has published a method suitability filter covering three areas such as business, systems and technical aspect. Adoption consideration of DSDM can be found in the DSDM manual. The e-DSDM version that is customised for e-commerce and e-business projects are available from the consortium for the public review and reference. 4. Comparison From the gathered literature, articles, case studies and surveys the comparison of the three agile methods (FDD, ASD and DSDM) is based on the following components: general features, adoption of the methodology, and successful implementation to e-commerce and web-based systems. FDD and ASD are the most recognised software development methodologies in software development market while DSDM is recognised for being well documented since the DSDM consortium is in collaboration with the PRINCE2 which is adopted in UK. According to Abrahamsson, et al., (2002) the agile software development method status can be nascent, building-up, and active. The method can be nascent if it has been available less than a year and the no research and experience were identified and reported. Building up phase is a method that is recognised by many of its community of users and publication of the report and research were identified. The active method has been identified in several places, and there is a wide community base of research and reports that publish their experiences and interest on agile methods. DSDM is categorised as active, FDD and ASD belongs to building up status (Abrahamsson, et al., 2002). The general features of FDDs main selling points are the five activities and the short iteration of features. However it falls out of support for visual design, testing and deployment, which does not provide the all-in-one solution for software development. However, it was successful in e-commerce implementations as reported by Bauer (2005) and the FDD community group. ASDs main key points are: adaptive approach, collaboration, and mission-based iterative development labelled as speculate-collaborate-learn cycle. The special features seen in adaptive systems are the emergent creation of order from the interconnected individuals. This methodology covered more discussions about principles rather than software practice. In DSDM main approach is more on the extensive application of rapid application development (RAD). There is an active consortium of experts who stands for the steering of the methodology development. Main features of DSDM is being a true agile method and the nine practices that are innate with the activities that strongly followed by its members. The shortcoming for DSDM is the availability of the resources which is exclusive only to members of the consortium, that makes the use of the model only restricts to its members. 5. Recommendation The strongest candidate for the agile methodology is FDD. According to Bauer (2005) the strongest selling point of FDD is that it really worked on his projects that were refined according to the approach of core FDD methods. However the trade off of not having the complete answer to requirement gathering, visual design, testing and deployment that are significantly needed in the project can be amenable to some by tweaking some of the processes. It is important to acknowledge that doing the way software developers do their job in the software development process without any formal methodologies can be described as shooting the bird in target without the pellet. Software development working teams usually had a history of adopting and adapting from an existing methodology or inventing their own informal methodology. Bauers experience showed FDD had a positive effect since getting everybody on board made their team more responsive to the project that was put in place using FDD. FDD was a ble to provide solutions for their software development issues, constant over-time, over-budget and underestimation of the work required to complete the project that makes worse scope creep, low staff morale, and unrealistic deadlines. With FDD, the solutions are clear from the plan. The reports were excellent, clear and disciplined customer-focused approach. The reduction risk was measured based on the iteration of design and build approach; clarity of requirements, better understanding of building the system; and no wiggle room for decisions. 5. Conclusion The agile methodologies presented in this paper provides a better deal of understanding what approach should be used depending on the type of software development project at hand. For web development or e-commerce system, the traditional software methodologies are not enough to describe the dynamic and complex nature of web systems and its relative activity on the Internet. The nature of software applications running on the web space is simple to develop yet too complex that different technologies are competing with one another. However, the technology is only a tool that has been exploited by the developers themselves. The agile methodologies put more importance on the role of people, its interaction, collaboration, change and adaptive approaches. ASD is primarily much more focused on principles, while FDD is more on simplicity of its five step process and DSDM is excellent in the strong support of its consortium. The agile methodologies are effective in utilizing iterative developm ent and every phase of the development processes has its own unique application that fits the needed development strategy. In summary, the agile methods are more inclined to the people who are working behind the software itself. The person building the software is the main point of how the methodology becomes successful. Human capital and strategic skills that complements the software development process leads the best production of software and ways to improve how to solve the problem in this information age.

Is Justice Profitable? Essay -- Glaucon Philosophy Philosophical Essay

Is Justice Profitable? Glaucon attempted to prove that injustice is preferable to justice. At first, Glacon agreed with Socrates that justice is a good thing, but implored on the nature of its goodness? He listed three types of â€Å"good†; that which is good for its own sake (such as playing games), that which is good is good in itself and has useful consequences (such as reading), and that which is painful but has good consequences (such as surgery). Socrates replied that justice "belongs in the fairest class, that which a man who is to be happy must love both for its own sake and for the results." (45d) Glaucon then reaffirmed Thrasymachus’s position that unjust people lead a better life than just people. He started that being just is simply a formality for maintaining a good reputation and for achieving one’s goals. He claimed that the only reason why a person would choose to be unjust rather than just due to the fear of punishment. This is supported by the story of the shepherd w ho became corrupted as a result of finding a ring which made him invisible. He took over the kingdom through murder and intrigue since he knew there could be no repercussions for his unjust actions. In addition, Adiamantus stated that unjust people did not need to fear divine punishment since appeals could be made to Gods’ egos via sacrifices. Finally, Glaucon gave an example of the extreme unjust person who has accumulated great wealth and power which he juxtaposed with an extreme moral man who is being punished unjustly for his crimes. Clearly, injustice is preferable to justice since it provides for a more fruitful life. â€Å"Is justice profitable?† Glacon’s argument to Socrates may appear very convincing at first glance. People who succeed in li... ...s less likely. Last but not least, injustice does not provide the most good for the most number of people. Just acts spawn other just acts just like unjust acts spawn other unjust acts. If everyone behaved unjustly, mankind would return to a state of nature (everyone is for themselves) which would be very unprofitable for the unjust individual due to a decreased likelihood of survival. An action is clearly unprofitable for the unjust individual if it would eventually create a hostile environment for him. Hence, one should set an example for others by living a just life which would create a better environment for him as well as for others. To sum up, justice is more profitable than injustice because it does not lead to true happiness, it gives way to possibility of punishment, and it creates a pattern of behavior which if universalized would lead to disaster.

Examining Government Regulations

The current government regulations I researched pertain to the clinical guidelines and the civil rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Portland, Oregon. Many people living with HIV/AIDS, at some point during their illness, find themselves in need of housing assistance and support services. Stable housing promotes improved health, sobriety or decreased use of alcohol and illegal drugs, and, for some, a return to paid employment and productive social activities. As the number of people living with HIV/AIDS continues to grow in both urban and rural areas throughout the United States, stakeholders must find new ways to address their needs to promote the health and well-being of these individuals and their families. Increasingly, maximizing the resources available to people who need them requires partnering across mainstream housing and human services systems to ensure continuity of care, program efficiency, and that there is â€Å"no wrong door† to assistance for clients at risk. The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommended public health law reform as part of its Healthy People 2010 initiative. Public health law in many states is ripe for reform. Oregon state legislature has suggested that existing state statutes are ineffective in responding to contemporary health threats for many reasons. These statutes pre-date modern scientific and constitutional developments and lack adequate standards of privacy, due process, and risk assessment. Forty percent of Oregonians with HIV need housing assistance, and a survey of Oregon service agency representatives cited the lack of affordable housing as the number-one barrier to stability for Oregonians living with HIV/AIDS. Critical issues were identified and recommendations developed to improve the ability of these systems to cooperatively meet the housing and services needs of people living with HIV/AIDS in Oregon. The obstacles that would prevent me from meeting the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS are 1. Limited Awareness of Resources Dedicated to People Living with HIV/AIDS Many potential housing and services partners lack awareness or accurate knowledge of existing resources dedicated to, or which can be used to serve, people living with HIV/AIDS, and that lack of awareness may limit partnerships. 2. Confidentiality Concerns The need to maintain client confidentiality restricts the ways that OHOP housing coordinators and other organizations and individuals can publicize their activities and resources. . Limited Staff Capacity and Knowledge HIV Care and Treatment staff may lack familiarity with aspects of partner systems, including affordable housing, and have limited resources and time to conduct marketing and outreach to potential partners and planning bodies. Discrimination adds to the daily struggles faced by the growing number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States – people who are predominantly poor and disproportionately African American or Latino. Every agency’s biggest problems facing their clients involve meeting basic needs – coping with poverty, hunger, illiteracy, inadequate medical care, lack of transportation, and homelessness. In addition to those basic needs issues, people with HIV face a series of critical civil rights problems. Individuals living with HIV/AIDS need to know their rights and need the resources to advocate for themselves when their rights are threatened. They also need national legal organizations like the ACLU AIDS Project to enforce their civil rights and civil liberties through litigation, public education and legislative advocacy. Recommendations: †¢ Develop simple, discreet material to publicize OHOP and related services and opportunities, and distribute it widely. †¢ Present to current and potential partners, including faith-based and community-based grass roots organizations with information tailored to their interests. †¢ Engage provider agency staff, clients, and other regional participants in publicizing the need, opportunity, and benefits of investing in housing and services for people living with HIV/AIDS. †¢ Focus attention on improving coordination with planning, data, and other elements of homeless systems. †¢ Promote Shelter Care and other bonus projects through agreements to streamline or share sponsor administrative costs. †¢ Conduct outreach and seek partnerships with landlords and property managers. Oregon Housing and Opportunities in Partnership (OHOP) Program Many people living with HIV/AIDS find themselves in need of housing assistance and support services at so me point during their illness. As many as 60 percent of all persons living with HIV/AIDS report a lifetime experience of homelessness or housing instability. Stable housing promotes improved health, sobriety or decreased use of alcohol and illegal drugs, and, for some people living with HIV/AIDS, a return to paid employment and productive social activities. The federal Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) program provides funding, distributed by both formula and competition, dedicated to the housing needs of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families. This funding is not only necessary but critical to have the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS met adequately. Examining Government Regulations The current government regulations I researched pertain to the clinical guidelines and the civil rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Portland, Oregon. Many people living with HIV/AIDS, at some point during their illness, find themselves in need of housing assistance and support services. Stable housing promotes improved health, sobriety or decreased use of alcohol and illegal drugs, and, for some, a return to paid employment and productive social activities. As the number of people living with HIV/AIDS continues to grow in both urban and rural areas throughout the United States, stakeholders must find new ways to address their needs to promote the health and well-being of these individuals and their families. Increasingly, maximizing the resources available to people who need them requires partnering across mainstream housing and human services systems to ensure continuity of care, program efficiency, and that there is â€Å"no wrong door† to assistance for clients at risk. The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommended public health law reform as part of its Healthy People 2010 initiative. Public health law in many states is ripe for reform. Oregon state legislature has suggested that existing state statutes are ineffective in responding to contemporary health threats for many reasons. These statutes pre-date modern scientific and constitutional developments and lack adequate standards of privacy, due process, and risk assessment. Forty percent of Oregonians with HIV need housing assistance, and a survey of Oregon service agency representatives cited the lack of affordable housing as the number-one barrier to stability for Oregonians living with HIV/AIDS. Critical issues were identified and recommendations developed to improve the ability of these systems to cooperatively meet the housing and services needs of people living with HIV/AIDS in Oregon. The obstacles that would prevent me from meeting the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS are 1. Limited Awareness of Resources Dedicated to People Living with HIV/AIDS Many potential housing and services partners lack awareness or accurate knowledge of existing resources dedicated to, or which can be used to serve, people living with HIV/AIDS, and that lack of awareness may limit partnerships. 2. Confidentiality Concerns The need to maintain client confidentiality restricts the ways that OHOP housing coordinators and other organizations and individuals can publicize their activities and resources. . Limited Staff Capacity and Knowledge HIV Care and Treatment staff may lack familiarity with aspects of partner systems, including affordable housing, and have limited resources and time to conduct marketing and outreach to potential partners and planning bodies. Discrimination adds to the daily struggles faced by the growing number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States – people who are predominantly poor and disproportionately African American or Latino. Every agency’s biggest problems facing their clients involve meeting basic needs – coping with poverty, hunger, illiteracy, inadequate medical care, lack of transportation, and homelessness. In addition to those basic needs issues, people with HIV face a series of critical civil rights problems. Individuals living with HIV/AIDS need to know their rights and need the resources to advocate for themselves when their rights are threatened. They also need national legal organizations like the ACLU AIDS Project to enforce their civil rights and civil liberties through litigation, public education and legislative advocacy. Recommendations: †¢ Develop simple, discreet material to publicize OHOP and related services and opportunities, and distribute it widely. †¢ Present to current and potential partners, including faith-based and community-based grass roots organizations with information tailored to their interests. †¢ Engage provider agency staff, clients, and other regional participants in publicizing the need, opportunity, and benefits of investing in housing and services for people living with HIV/AIDS. †¢ Focus attention on improving coordination with planning, data, and other elements of homeless systems. †¢ Promote Shelter Care and other bonus projects through agreements to streamline or share sponsor administrative costs. †¢ Conduct outreach and seek partnerships with landlords and property managers. Oregon Housing and Opportunities in Partnership (OHOP) Program Many people living with HIV/AIDS find themselves in need of housing assistance and support services at so me point during their illness. As many as 60 percent of all persons living with HIV/AIDS report a lifetime experience of homelessness or housing instability. Stable housing promotes improved health, sobriety or decreased use of alcohol and illegal drugs, and, for some people living with HIV/AIDS, a return to paid employment and productive social activities. The federal Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) program provides funding, distributed by both formula and competition, dedicated to the housing needs of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families. This funding is not only necessary but critical to have the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS met adequately.